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1.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 24(3): 180-186, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-837864

ABSTRACT

El Zineb es un plaguicida perteneciente a la familia de los etilenbisditiocarbamatos (EBDC) ampliamente utilizado en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina). La toxicidad de este fungicida está dada por la etilentiourea (ETU) que es el principal producto de su degradación. La ETU tiene efectos mutagénicos, teratogénicos y cancerígenos en animales. La EPA la clasifica como probable cancerígeno humano. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la transformación del Zineb a ETU en acelgas cultivadas en Jujuy, por efecto del calor húmedo por tratamiento térmico. El método se basó en la extracción de la ETU con agua y su posterior reextracción con diclorometano a pH alcalino. El extracto se purificó por cromatografía en columna de alúmina y la ETU se cuantificó por HPLC con un detector UV-Visible a 232 nm. Para cumplir con el objetivo planteado se realizó un cultivo experimental de acelgas a las que se aplicó el fungicida Zineb, el cual luego se cuantificó a diferentes periodos de tiempo. La ETU se cuantificó con y sin aplicación de calor húmedo. La concentración de ETU en las acelgas sometidas a tratamiento térmico fue de 8,07 mg/kg y transcurridos 30 días disminuyó a 0,05 mg/kg, lo que representa una disminución de más del 99 % respecto a la concentración inicial. Simultáneamente, se determinó la concentración de Zineb en las acelgas y se obtuvo, inicialmente, 44 mg/kg y luego de 36 días la concentración de Zineb disminuyó a 3,83 mg/kg, lo que representa una disminución del 91 % respecto a la concentración del plaguicida al inicio. La detección de ETU en acelgas sometidas a tratamientos térmicos confirma la transformación del fungicida Zineb a un producto de degradación clasificado según el IARC en el grupo 3. Esto pone en discusión la reglamentación Argentina vigente, por cuanto al finalizar los tiempos de carencia no se evalúan la presencia de metabolitos o productos de degradación potencialmente tóxicos.


Zineb is a pesticide belonging to the family of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDC) widely used in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. The toxicity of this fungicide is given by the ethylenethiourea (ETU) which is the main product of degradation. The ETU has mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects in animals. The EPA classifies it as a probable human carcinogen. The aim of the study was to determine the transformation of Zineb to ETU in cultivated chards in Jujuy, by treatment with humid heat. The method is based on extraction of ETU with water and subsequent extraction of the aqueous phase with dichloromethane. The extract was cleaned by alumina column chromatography and the ETU was quantified by HPLC with a UV-Visible detector at 232 nm. An experimental cultivation of chards was carried out and the Zineb fungicide was applied and then quantified at different time periods. The ETU was quantified with and without application of moist heat. The concentration of ETU in heat treated chards was 8.07 mg/kg and after 30 days decreased to 0.05 mg/kg, representing a decrease of more than 99 % over the initial concentration. Simultaneously, Zineb concentration in chard was initially determined as 44 mg/kg and, 36 days later, the Zineb concentration decreased to 3.83 mg/kg, representing a 91% decrease with respect to the concentration of the pesticide at the beginning. Detection of ETU in chards subjected to heat treatment confirms the transformation of the fungicide Zineb to a degradation product classified by the IARC as group 3. This puts into discussion the current Argentine regulations since, at the end of the deficiency times the presence of potentially toxic metabolites or degradation products is not evaluated.


Subject(s)
Humans , Beta vulgaris , Ethylenethiourea/toxicity , Thermic Treatment/adverse effects , Zineb/toxicity , Argentina/epidemiology , Biodegradation, Environmental
2.
São Paulo; s.n; 2015. 108 p. ilus, tab. (BR).
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-867920

ABSTRACT

Diante da evolução da composição das resinas compostas e do lançamento de compósitos do tipo bulk fill, faz-se necessário o estudo do desempenho dessa nova classe de materiais. Para isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar propriedades como grau de conversão (GC) , dureza Knoop (KHN), resistência à flexão (RF) e tenacidade à fratura (KIC) de sete compósitos bulk fill (EverX Posterior, EXP; Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, FBFF; Fill-Up!, FU; SonicFill, SF; Surefil SDR, SDR; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, TECBF; Venus Bulk Fill, VBF) e um compósito nanohíbrido convencional (Charisma Diamond, CD). De forma complementar, foi realizado tratamento térmico a 170 °C por 10 minutos para melhor compreensão do comportamento desses materiais quanto ao potencial de conversão e à indução de tensões na interface carga/matriz. A avaliação do GC (n=3) foi realizada através de espectroscopia FTIR, a leitura da dureza Knoop foi realizada nas superfícies do topo e da base (n=3), e os ensaios de RF de três pontos (n=10) e KIC (n=10) em máquina de ensaios universais. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à analise de variância (complementados pelo teste de Tukey) ou teste Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise do GC (%) revelou diferença entre os materiais testados, sendo que todas as resinas bulk fill apresentaram valores maiores que a resina convencional: SF (75,7) > VBF (66,7) = EXP (66,4) = SDR (62,8), sendo esta também semelhante a FU (60,0); FU, TECBF (56,6), FBFF (56,6) e CD (54,5) apresentaram conversão semelhante. Os valores de KHN variaram de acordo com o material e com a superfície: apenas SF apresentou KHN semelhante (na superfície do topo) a CD


entretanto não foi possível realizar a leitura da superfície da base deste último material; SF, TECBF e FBFF apresentaram valores de KHN diferentes nas superfícies topo e base; EXP, FU, SDR e VBF mantiveram os valores de dureza do topo semelhantes à superfície da base. Para a RF (MPa), os resultados variaram de acordo com o material: EXP (122,54) = SF (101,09) = CD (99,15), sendo estes dois últimos semelhantes a FU (83,86) e TECBF (82,71), os quais não diferiram da resina SDR (65,18); esta última também mostrou comportamento semelhante a FBFF (60,85) e VBF (59,90). Quanto ao KIC (MPa.mm0,5), EXP (3,35) apresentou o maior valor, semelhante a SF (2,42), que por sua vez também foi igual ao compósito convencional CD (2,01); CD apresentou KIC semelhante a SDR (1,74); SDR = VBF (1,59) = TECBF (1,57); TECBF, FU (1,54) e FBFF (1,37) apresentaram valores semelhantes. Na dependência do material, o tratamento térmico aumentou os valores dos parâmetros estudados, apontando limitações da reação de polimerização dos compósitos estudados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podese concluir que: resinas bulk fill apresentam elevado GC, superior à resina convencional estudada; a nova classe de materiais restauradores é capaz de polimerizar em profundidade e alguns materiais apresentam KHN semelhantes no topo e na base de espécimes de 4 mm de profundidade; RF e KIC variaram de acordo com o material, e o compósito EXP apresentou os maiores valores para ambos os testes.


Facing the evolution of the resin composites and the release of the bulk-fill composite type, it is necessary to study the performance of this new class of materials. For this, the present study aimed to evaluate properties such as degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness (KHN), flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness (KIC) of seven bulk-fill composites (EverX Posterior, EXP; Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, FBFF; Fill-Up!, FU; SonicFill, SF; Surefil SDR, SDR; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, TECBF; Venus Bulk Fill, VBF) and a conventional nanohybrid composite (Charisma Diamond, CD). Complementarily, heat treatment was performed at 170 °C for 10 minutes for better understanding the behavior of these materials. Evaluation of DC (n=3) was performed by FTIR spectroscopy, the evaluation of Knoop hardness was made on the top and bottom surfaces (n=3), and three point bending test (n=10) and KIC (n=10) were evaluated on a universal testing machine. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (complemented by Tukey test) or Kruskal-Wallis test with 5% significance level. Analysis of DC (%) revealed differences between tested materials, and all bulk-fill resins had higher values than the conventional resin: SF (75.7) > VBF (66.7) = EXP (66.4) = SDR (62.8), which was also similar to FU (60.0); FU, TECBF (56.6), FBFF (56.6) and CD (54.4) showed similar conversion. KHN values showed variations according to the material and the surface:


only SF showed a similar KHN (on the top surface) to CD, however it was not possible to read the bottom surface of this latter material; SF, TECBF and FBFF presented different KHN values on the top and bottom surfaces; EXP, FU, SDR and VBF maintained top and bottom similar hardness values. For FS (MPa), the results varied according to the material: EXP (122.54) = SF (101.09) = CD (99.15), the latter two being similar to FU (83.86) and TECBF (82.71), which did not differ from SDR resin (65.18); the latter showed similar behavior to FBFF (60.85) and VBF (59.90). As for KIC (MPa.mm0.5), EXP (3.35) had the highest value, similar to SF (2.42), which in turn was also equal to the conventional composite CD (2.01); CD presented KIC similar to SDR (1.74); SDR = VBF (1.59) = TECBF (1.57); TECBF, FU (1.54) and FBFF (1.37) were similar. Depending on the material, heat treatment increased the values of the parameters, pointing limitations of polymerization reaction of the studied composites. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: bulk fill resins have high DC, higher than the conventional resin studied; the new class of restorative materials is capable of polymerizing in...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hardness , Composite Resins/analysis , Composite Resins/adverse effects , Thermic Treatment/analysis , Thermic Treatment/adverse effects , Thermic Treatment/methods , Thermic Treatment/prevention & control
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